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Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

January 20th, 2009 @ 12:02 pm

36 Comments

Categories: Best Practices, Economy, General, Management, Rant

Tags: Jeffrey Pfeffer, Customer Service, Service Economy, Retail, Macy's, Nordstrom, Sears, Sales Force Management

Retailers are going bankrupt by the carload and retail sales are in the toilet. I needed to buy some things, so I thought I would do a field trip to see what’s up at the local mall. Here’s what I learned.

Retailers are using that manpower scheduling software with a vengeance — you know, the software that makes sure there aren’t extra people on the sales floor during times when there are fewer customers? I arrived mid-afternoon to find most stores quite bereft of sales people. On the other hand, the other customers were often quite helpful and I made some new friends. Tip: Don’t go shopping during off hours. You won’t find anyone to wait on you.

First stop: Macy’s
December Same Store Sales: –4%
Macy’s has perfected the neutron-bomb theory of retailing. You remember the neutron bomb — it was designed to kill the people but leave the buildings. Macy’s has lots of merchandise but no sales help that can be located. All right, there may be a few folks staffing some of the cash registers, but there’s no one on the sales floor to answer questions about the merchandise, even in the men’s tailored clothing department. I guess it’s akin to the price-checking machines they have scattered throughout the store — sort of a “do it yourself” operation, which is fine except I don’t really know how I could fit my own clothes.

But I was determined to find the sales help, and with some diligent searching I made a discovery. There are several “hiding places” in the store I visited — spots ostensibly on the sales floor but out of sight of the customers — where the sales people hang out. One was giving another a back rub. In another department, a small group was happily chatting away. But they were not to be interrupted by me, so I went on my way. They also didn’t seem very happy to see me. Even in these stringent financial times, it doesn’t cost much to smile.

I wonder how much merchandise is walking out Macy’s front door without being paid for. No one shoplifts while they’re being waited on, so maybe Macy’s could cut its shrink by attending to customers.

Second stop: Nordstrom
December same store sales: -10%
I stopped by the men’s department to look at a sport coat. I did find a sales person who began to help me when the phone rang. He answered it. Must have been a great call. After about five minutes listening to him talk on the phone with his back to me, I left. The message implicitly sent: Whoever was on the phone was way more important than the potential customer standing there waiting to be helped. No wonder Nordies’ sales are down 10 percent. High prices and no customer attention is a bad combination.

Third stop: Sears
December Same Store Sales: -7.3%
Sears has a pretty large store in my local mall, so to find what I was seeking, I needed to ask people. Big mistake. No one seemed to know where anything was. Well, that’s not entirely true; some of the other customers were actually quite helpful. Couldn’t blame the sales staff — many were new to the store, and I doubt they had received much, or any, training.

By then I’d had all the fun I could stand, so I went home. So what did I learn in my brief shopping excursion? First, no wonder I hate to go shopping. It has become a thoroughly unpleasant experience. Second, the mall is sort of like an Outward Bound experience: Lots of friendly customers helping each other out, since the sales staff is either nonexistent or would rather not be bothered. Third, without for a moment denying that the principal factors causing the retail downturn are the lousy economy and the credit crunch, it is also the case that the in-store experience adds almost nothing to shopping success. Who would want to go to a store when you can compare prices online? At least online, people don’t ignore you to take a call or chat with their friends. Insults are way worse in person.

By the way, all the studies show that service does matter. Take a look at the customer satisfaction ratings produced at the University of Michigan. They correlate closely with market share and financial performance.

We supposedly live in a service economy, now that manufacturing has mostly disappeared. If that’s true, we are truly in trouble. Because in this service economy, where’s the service?

Jeffrey Pfeffer is a professor of organizational behavior at Stanford’s Graduate School of Business and is the author or co-author of 12 books including “What Were They Thinking? Unconventional Wisdom About Management.”
 
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  •  
    1

    chris jablonski

    01/20/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    You want to see real customer service? Go to a Takashimaya in Japan.

  •  
    2

    jcalire

    01/20/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    I can relate to that and even more....

    Went to Sesheido counter for a scheduled facial and they are suppose to give this free as a 'benefit'of being a member and I have been a member since the 90s.

    The counter person comes out of the facial room and tells me that the room is full of inventory and she can't do it. she has my telephone number and it made me so upset that she never bothered to check that there was a scheduled appointment and furthermore even call to cancel if she couldn't. It is a 45 minute drive by the way.

    Then she asks me to come the next day and go there 10 minutes earlier and she was so busy handling customers and after waiting around like a fool for 2 hours i decided to walk out of there.

    One service provider to another is differentiated only by the benefits, especially in makeup and skin care. so if they think they should cut this out, have fewer sales person, then who is to blame when people move on???

  •  
    3

    affinitymc

    01/20/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    Once again the bean counters get their way...cut headcount, cut training, that will get us out of this mess...but unfortunately it will only get us into a bigger one. When cost cutting occurs, there is always collateral damage. Those who do the cost cutting get the praise for the paper gains, but are never held accountable for the obvious damage caused to customer satisfaction and loyalty.

  •  
    4

    michael.ervick@...

    01/20/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    The problem is in our definition of service.

    In the USA we tend to see services as a "manufactured" transaction.

    In other cultures, it is an extension of a relationship.

  •  
    5

    Ericzhou

    01/20/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    I appreciate your writing but... your story told nothing but cynicism...

    You did not offer your insight, your suggestion (if any), or whatsoever.

  •  
    6

    Andifenster

    01/20/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    For a POSITIVE experience...check-out LuLuLemon Athletic Wear. They are all about the customer experience....and are consistent!!!

  •  
    7

    jhgarey

    01/20/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    Ericzhou, it's pretty simple. Just do the opposite of what Jeffrey encountered. For years I've noticed the decline of customer service in retail. Lots of apathy out there and an entitlement mentality to boot. Spoiled and bankrupt of the wisdom to turn it around...and I'm referring to the corporate execs. It's very simple. Instead of making it about profits, make it about people. There's no way to fail doing it that way. Granted, there are many other forces at work that can and have affected even great companies, but if their hearts are right, they will succeed. In God's economy, success is measured by loving your neighbor as yourself...that means putting yourself in their shoes FIRST. The rest will fall into place. In this environment nobody is completely insulated, so we should be praying for wisdom every day. Wisdom trumps gold bars any day.

  •  
    8

    rsqrd

    01/20/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    The CEO of Macy's compensation package is $16.3 million. That represents 4075 $40,000 a year sales people. The CEO of Sears gets a compensation package of $22.9 million. That's 5725 $40,000 a year sales people. I think the economy would be in better shape with sort of 10,000 people with jobs and 2 without. Like most companies I think they work for quite a while without chief leaders. If these companies are in desperate financial shape dumping the CEO is the place where money can be saved and the country helped by keeping lots of workers.

  •  
    9

    nelsonve48

    01/20/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    A very unappreciated author, John Guspari, in his book, "The Customer Connection" really got things completely right. John said simply that everyone is in the manufacturing business...we all manufacture transactions, and what the customer is looking for is the perfect transaction. Once retailers figure this out, they might have a chance. His other great contribution from that book was the Three rules of Quality Customer Service. Rule #1 The customer has all the votes when it comes to defining quality. For the other two rules, find a copy of the book.....it's worth the effort

    Nelson Van Elderen

  •  
    10

    mukeshj

    01/20/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    It is not only the service but also how you
    are being treated in other areas like dealing
    with returns of the products which didn't work.
    I bought a laptop battery for from Fry's Palo
    Alto store which was faulty and could hold
    charge for only 5 minutes. When I went back to
    return it, they charged me $25 transaction and
    returned the rest of the money as store credit
    only. How fair is that? Seems like a good
    business model to sell bad products and then
    charge people $25 if they dare to return it.
    Must be far better than what they can earn
    through the margins on the product.

  •  
    11

    tramky

    01/20/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    I'm confused. If the corporate accountants are running things and being rewarded for achieving sales goals, what is this about the importance of customer service? If customer service is bad but the bottom line is good, no one is going to care. It's all about the money.

    People in business are being viewed with greater suspicion--they are cost centers, not beneficial components of the business.

    These businesses might as well shut down and become online-only operations. Online retailers don't provide any real customer service, and they don't have the brick-and-mortar costs. A retail store with no customer service is almost indistinguishable from an online retailer except they have more expenses related to real estate & fixtures/furnishings, heating/air conditioning, and all the rest.

    This, of course, is why some retailers that have cut customer service are folding up.

    Such companies get what they deserve and we shouldn't really care very much. Mervyn's folded? Circuit City folded? Linens 'n Things folded? Who cares? They did it to themselves by bad management, probably a gaggle of MBAs who believe the key to business is squeezing the operations and engaging in creative accounting practices. Good riddance.

  •  
    12

    tramky

    01/20/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    If mukeshj's little tale about Fry's is true, Fry's should be going down in the near future. And I don't understand why he would agree to pay such a charge. There must be something else going on there.

    But I do recall seeing articles about retailers who are 'getting tough' with customer returns. They seemingly want to return to those halcyon days of caveat emptor (let the buyer beware), with no guarantees or warranties. You buy it, you bought it. It's now yours and we're done with it. Good luck!

    Such retailers need to be identified so customers can bring them down by NOT buying their stuff.

  •  
    13

    phcubells

    01/21/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    reminds me the shock I had when I moved from ...the Bay Area to Poland in 1997: there were stores/malls in Warsaw with scarce staff who did not care at all about customers (were bothered if we asked questions). This looks like going backward..or to a state-driven economy

  •  
    14

    stockflyer

    01/21/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    You want to find SERVICE, visit the small retailers in your community. Support them, they own their businesses and you will find the best assistance there. And if you don't shop there they WILL go out of business and then you will only get the service levels that you see in the big box stores. The small shop can help you with your problem, special orders no problem, something custom, yep.

  •  
    15

    clarkm

    01/21/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    I've been asking this question for years now. I work in industry not retail but the basics of good service are the same. In my business we stopped doing product service when we decided to start selling service as a product. Service is most important when sales are down. Too few companies know how to provide good service, but that is often because of bad (or no) training and misaligned corporate metrics (aka. poor management).

  •  
    16

    lappinjp

    01/21/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    My wife and I reciently renovated our home. Among other disasters the new kitchen cupboards were too small for the storage shelf fixture that we had bought from Lee Valley. Lee Valley has a great reputation for easy returns but this unit was $1,000, the original packaging was toast and I'd lost the receipt! I packed it up and returned to the store. I told my long stroy and they said "Please let me just check the records sir" Then he said, in less than 10 seconds, "OK There it is. Would you like me to refund the cash to your debit card or did you want to buy a replacement product." I said "But it's not in the package and I tried but I'm not sure I got all the screws and stuff" He said "That's OK sir". I said "But how will you resell it" He smiled and said " Well sir, If it will make you fell any better I could give you a hard time happy " I shut up and took my money.

    THAT'S SERVICE!

  •  
    17

    retailexec

    01/21/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    Companies need to decide if they want a selling culture
    or a service culture. These are two very different
    experiences. Consumers have come to accept a service
    culture because we all want it better, faster,quicker and
    in mass quantity.

    With payroll and training budgets the first items cut,
    we can only expect so much from the associates in the
    stores.

    Corporate offices tend to want to make all of the
    decisions rather than listening to their field
    organizations who hold the most valuable information
    since they are on the front lines with the customers.

  •  
    18

    R. B.

    01/21/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    I recently had my credit card information stolen. When I was issued a new card, I attempted to update my account information with MSN. They wouldn't let me delete my old credit card info. and the software wouldn't accept the new one. I called customer service (they have none, by the way) and was told that the charges were not being authorized on the new card and that I would need to call the financial institution that issued the card. Did that and they assured me that the charges were being authorized. Called MSN back, told them. They argued with me and told me I didn't have a valid card. Called the financial institution back (Discover Financial) and (talk about customer service) the rep called MSN for me and waited on the phone with me for almost 1-1/2 hours while we went through a slew of worthless data entry people who kept saying the charges weren't being authorized. The Discover rep saw every authorization request and said they were all being authorized. MSN finally said they would elevate the problem to "the highest level of support" and that I would receive a call back in no more than 72 hours. Though I have called them back repeatedly, no one has ever contacted me and the problem hasn't been resolved. They are now threatening to cancel my account...and I've been a paying customer for 10 years! This would impact my small internet business because my business e-mail is with MSN. So the lack of customer service isn't just in the retail sector, it's everywhere and MSN leads the pack in how NOT to do it, in my opinion. I don't know what's going to happen because I can't get anyone to help me and they aren't responding to the problem. I'm now looking for good alternatives.

  •  
    19

    sportmgtdoc

    01/21/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    Ericzhou, I'm not sure if you have a fully functional brain. Your post reflects the robotic mentality that is obviously at the heart of the problem Pfeffer discusses, i.e., you have to be told everything to do and how to do it and cannot critically think on your own or use emotional intelligence skills. THOSE are problems of salespeople today

    We discussed this very issue yesterday in my college Organizational Behavior & Management classes (jr/sr-level course). Most students looked at me like I'd lost my mind when I brought this up, especially when I pointed out the dearth of a simple "thank you" from the seller after transactions here in Springfield, Missouri.

    In addition to the problems mentioned above in this post, I agree with jhgarey's post about a lack of a moral compass in this country, as well as the other posts that pointed to the domino effects resulting from that.

    If we don't teach young generations to care about other people, they won't. Then they will grow up to be salespeople and CEOs.

    If we don't hold CEOs accountable for knowing and using basic, fundamental management strategies that are taught in basic management courses, then they won't.

    Bottom line: if we don't preach and practice sound values that are workable, we can't expect anything except the environment we have now.

    There you go, Ericzhou; now you don't have to critically and independently think for your solutions you seek.

  •  
    20

    BNETcomment

    01/21/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    How can we expect service, when parents, in the last twenty-five years have not taught their children to be helpful, polite, kind, respectful and considerate?

    The customer is the one who speaks: 'thank you' when completing a purchase or a request for information. The employee is the one who speaks: 'No Problem'.

  •  
    21

    karenyoung521

    01/21/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    Support small independent retailers. Their owners are usually closer to the sales floor and have more at stake in keeping customers happy. (Though, sadly, I've run into surly and nonexistent service at these stores too. Just not as much.) As far as Macy's - it's always been easier to steal from there than get someone to wait on you.

    I do agree young people in service jobs often don't seem to receive any training in service, or to understand that without customers, they would have no jobs. Then again - Starbucks seems to find cheerful and pleasant young people to work there - I've never had a bad experience.

  •  
    22

    techigirl78

    01/21/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    I don't understand how some people indicate online stores do not have customer service. Some of my most positive customer service experiences have been with online retailers. It all comes down to the company and what they provide - not their location or delivery method. Many times, due to their lower costs I expect, online companies can more easily provide service such as full replacements that brick and mortar stores cannot easily offer.

    I can honestly say that in the past 6 months I have noticed some improvement in the customer service of a number of my local retailers. At the same down, as the article indicates, service at other stores as dropped off substanatially. The ones where service has dropped substantially have now been replaced with online retailers.

  •  
    23

    Scott.M

    01/21/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    The customers share some of the blame.

    For example, everyone complains about what stores like Wal-Mart do to local economies. But why are such stores so successful? Because everyone shops there!! And why do they shop there? Because the merchandise is cheap.

    Customers have put price ahead of every other consideration for so long, management is realizing that service is no longer important to customers.

  •  
    24

    Margyr

    01/21/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    I agree with going to small stores - forget the mall. Anything you NEED to get at the mall you can get on-line. Small business owners not only need your business, they WANT your business and often have way more creative and original choices. I agree it may not always be the quick fix a mall is but really, is there taht much in your life you absolutley need this second? Support you local businesses or you may not have another choice.

  •  
    25

    danieljm62

    01/21/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    I echo scottm2251's sentiment. Those that are willing to pay what's required for service will pay more. The rest of us have to shop at Wal-Mart.

    One can take this question to another service that appears to be lacking: the restaurant business. I still am apalled at servers who give marginal service and still respect a standard 15% gratuity, to say nothing of those that automatically tack it onto the bill!

    Every business requires some customer service, even if you're not dealing with the public. My company is a government subcontractor, and we continue to train employees that "everyone" is your customer. If you make someone in the company look bad, then we ALL look bad.

    I once read a business tip that said "put a mirror next to your telephone at work and make a point to smile when you answer your phone". This really worked in making people at the office approach telephone calls with a different attitude!

  •  
    26

    LWeller2

    01/21/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    Employees aren't trained. So its begins with management.

    In California, there are small grocers called Trader Joes. They have some sort of magical way to train employees so that they all come across as managers. They need to write a book about how they manage to do this.

    As to everyone shopping at Walmart because its cheap. Even that incentive isn't good enough to keep everyone. A local Walmart in Southern CA had gotten rid of almost all non-Hispanic sales people. They were all speaking Spanish and deliberately ignoring anyone who wasn't Hispanic: You'd be the next in line and they'd turn and speak Spanish to anyone close who was also Latino. Even sales people in the aisles who were chatting away would switch to Spanish and raise their voices when they saw you coming. This allowing of a "political agenda in the workplace" clearly lost customers.

    Now things are almost back the way they used to be. But people don't forget and it leaves a sour taste that even "saves you money" can't erase.

  •  
    27

    mlbrucal

    01/21/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    You should go to Dillard's! At Dillard's you will find the good service you are looking for. The Sales Associates are always ready to greet you with a smile and help you on whatever you need. They deliver the highest customer satisfaction levels. If you happened to be in the wrong department and they are not occupied they will take/walk you to the right department. If they can't take you they will give you a detail direction to make it easy for you.

  •  
    28

    rsmastersjr

    01/21/09 | Report as spam

    Status as Motivator

    Dr. Pfeffer???s experience at the mall was poor
    but not unusual. As many retailers rush to
    embrace the ???Wal-Mart Way???, they commit the
    same errors the American automakers did when
    they built small cars to counter the offerings
    of the Japanese???proper imitation begins further
    upstream and the buying public knows the
    difference.

    The current ranks of front line customer
    contact are a confused lot. Sometimes they are
    an extension of the warehouse; sometimes they
    run cash registers. Most importantly, they are
    rarely regarded as purveyors of a craft by
    upper management, customers or their peer
    groups. Their behavior is hardly surprising.

    Management, it seems, would do well to do all
    they can to signal customer contact is regarded
    as a profession and they consider their
    customer contact people to be professionals.
    Money for better wages is a luxury but there
    are other solutions. Walgreens, for example,
    still uses formal titles of Mr. and Ms.over the
    intercom and this convention should be applied
    to all retail personnel. Continuing, name
    badges are no place to scrimp and their
    appearance should reflect the importance of the
    position within the organization. For some
    employees, the job is a source of income while
    they pursue further education. Training
    opportunities that make retail positions
    ???resume-worthy??? should be pursued.

    Obviously, too, an organization must be willing
    to terminate those employees who are not
    willing to act professionally. If that means
    the CEO has to spend some time on the sales
    floor, it might be the best thing that ever
    happened to the organization.

  •  
    29

    jeremy blake

    01/22/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    Just returned from a sales training trip to the Republic of Ireland and went to buy a suit at lunchtime. It was buy one get one free. The owner was busy sribbling. I said I was looking for a suit, he incorrectly guessed my chest size and was out by four inches! Then pointed to the rail with my size on. I turned to ask about the cloth and weight and he was gone back to the counter. He and many local businesses are complaining to the local newspaper, (that we are training), that the paper ins't brininging business. No it isn't it is bringing this tailor enquiries and he isn't turning me into business. If newspapers ad sales decline it may be due to the fact that when times are tough, sales and service people prefer as Professor Pfeffer says to give each other a back rub, count their lack of earnings or indulge in anything else other than engage with a customer. Extraordinary or just sad? So few retailers invest in external training or have the team in place to embedd the learning that comes from such an investment. No wonder Woolworths et al go down, and no wonder those that do invest time and money in staff development see their sales graph go up or decline much less.

  •  
    30

    KayCole923

    01/22/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    Go to any Lowe's store - doesn't matter whether you spend $50 or $5,000, they don't give a damn about the customer. No good help to be had for miles (on a Saturday mid day) - gee you would think that if any day of the week to have sales associates that would be the day... Service has become so bad - and sales associates are more and more obvious in their complete distain for their job that they don't even both to say hello, goodbye or thank you. That folks is just wrong - the day of being courteous is gone. What have we taught our children? It started somewhere and my guess is it started with us! Retailers smarten up - we don't have to deal with you or your unhappy employees - with the unemployment rates as high as they are - replacements should be extremely easy to find. That includes dissatisfied management staff too!

  •  
    31

    stephenjgill

    01/23/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    One way to describe the current state of customer service is that we are in a "productivity swap bubble". See: http://stephenjgill.typepad.com/performance_improvement_b/2009/01/productivity-swap-bubble.html
    Psarouthakis and Ferguson argue that productivity has shifted from employees to customers. Having to serve yourself in retail stores is one example of this. Some portion of the GNP is really customer productivity, not employee productivity. The question is, will the productivity swap bubble burst just as the credit swap bubble has burst?

  •  
    32

    machturtle

    01/28/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    rsqrd

    is quite on target.

    The US corporate structure is a failure.

  •  
    33

    RanniHillyer

    02/04/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    Exactly the same experience with many other retailers including Circuitcity. Even worse very few service that you will find will suggest you to check with other stores or come back on a weekend.

  •  
    34

    Fleabell

    02/05/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    rsqrd, you are so right - cut CEO salaries in order to hire more sales clerks, who should be rewarded with making a sale, not ignoring sales
    sportmgtdoc, telling ericzhou "I'm not sure you have a fully functional brain" and then a few sentences later saying we need to teach young generations to care about other people is the HEIGHT of hypocrisy - take a look in the mirror, and get over yourself.

  •  
    35

    genius2020

    03/10/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    let me tell you todays scenario,..

    The world is talking about "SOA"...in this context...

    Service is not " getting service from people"

    Service is "getting service by using Technology"....

  •  
    36

    dtwoodward@...

    03/26/09 | Report as spam

    RE: Where's the Service in our 'Service Economy'?

    I've got two letters and word for you: L.L.Bean. They take customer satisfaction to the extreme, and they take pride in it. It shows.

    As to nationwide retailers, there's a reason why they're getting their lunch eaten by Wal-Mart and Amazon. People don't expect personal service from WM and Amazon, but they do get what they do expect: low prices and efficiency. With other retailers, all you get is dissatisfaction with non-existent service.

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